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《雅各伯書》的作者雅各伯（1:1），即是「主的兄弟」（迦1:19）、耶路撒冷的主教（宗15:13-21）、次雅各伯宗徒（谷15:40）。

關於這位宗徒，福音上僅記載他是十二宗徒之一，又說他和主有親戚的關係；他有一兄弟，名叫若瑟，同是阿耳斐的兒子（瑪10:3；谷3:18；路6:15）；他的母親名叫瑪利亞（瑪27:56；谷15:40, 16:1），是聖母瑪利亞的「姊妹」（若19:25）。因為「姊妹」和「兄弟」等詞，在希伯來語文上含意頗廣，雅各伯究屬「主的兄弟」中的那一等級（瑪13:55；谷6:3），不得而知。

在《新約》其他經書內，關於這位宗徒的記述卻比較多：耶穌復活後，像伯多祿一樣，獲得了主的特別顯現（格前15:5-7）。公元39年同伯多祿一起在耶京接待了從大馬士革歸來的保祿（迦1:18,19），與伯多祿同稱為教會的柱石（迦2:9）；49年以耶京主教的身份同伯多祿一起主持宗徒會議（宗15:6-29）；58年於耶京又接待了第三次傳教歸來??保祿（宗21:18）。此外，從聖傳得知雅各伯因他過人的熱誠，曾被稱為「義人」。公元62年，被人用石頭砸死，為主殉道，葬於聖殿附近，聖教會每年5月11日慶祝他的瞻禮。

本書的收信人是「散居的十二支派」，從這種說法可知此信是寫給猶太基督徒的，他們僑居在巴力斯坦外不遠的敘利亞、塞浦路斯島、基里基雅等地（宗11:19, 15:23, 15:41）。

宗徒寫此信的動機，似乎是因為他聽到了信友們當時處於道德墮落的可憐光景中，因為有人只着重於信德，而輕忽了善行，所以寫這信的目的，即是要糾正他們對道德的錯誤觀念，同時勸勉他們要勇敢忍受來自各方的種種困苦災難。

本書信雖是以相當流利的希臘文寫成的，但很顯然是屬於閃族的文學作品，因為和《智慧書》的風格很相接近，多對偶的句子和美妙的比喻（如1:6,11,23, 3:3-5），喜用具體的例證（2:2-4,15,16），尤多引用《舊約》（2:21,25, 5:10-11, 5:17）。對作者本人來說，本書充分顯示出作者對拯救人靈的熱誠，對貧窮人的同情，在信仰方面的堅定，在困苦災難中的喜樂。

關於寫作的時間，經學家尚未有定論。有人見本書論及成義時，說明除需要信德外，還需要善行，因而主張本書寫於60-62年，即寫於《羅馬書》之後；不過也有人以為本書寫於45-49年之間，即在耶京公會議之前，因為那時對成義的道理尚未發生爭論。從本書內容看來，似乎後一說較為可取。寫作的地點可說是耶路撒冷。

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